For the next section, I'm going to use the KJV, because the wording is actually a little clearer concerning the reckoning of the days and how they are counted. Leviticus 23:15-16 (KJV)—“‘15 And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven sabbaths shall be complete: 16 Even unto the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meat offering unto the LORD.’”
This is the “Feast of Weeks”, or in Hebrew שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot). Or, in the Greek, πεντηκοστή (Pentecost). Real simple. But this is a principle that some Jewish teachers (and even some Christian Bible scholars) mess up on. And they do so based on a faulty interpretation of the timing of רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir) or “Firstfruits.” See, some think of רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir) as always falling on the 16th of Nisan, or the second day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, two days after the Passover celebration (remember, the lambs were killed on the 14th, and the feast was the 15th). But why the confusion—I have not a clue. Because the wording is very specific, and there is really no room for misinterpretation. You then start counting from the Sunday following Passover (“the morrow after the sabbath…the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering”), you count fifty days until the day after the seventh sabbath. Now, let’s revisit the day of Christ’s crucifixion for just a moment, and you'll see why as we do—because many people, when they read the gospels, they read that the day Christ was crucified was a “High Sabbath”—even though the text does not use the phrase “High Sabbath”, but rather “high day.” John 19:31—The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation, that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, (for that sabbath day was an high day). Remember, during the various “appointed times” you had sabbaths during those times that could fall on any day of the week. The Day of Atonement was a sabbath—it could fall on any day of the week. Passover was a sabbath—it could fall on any day of the week. This particular sabbath (Passover) fell on a Friday the year our Lord was killed.
The second day following that Passover sabbath (our Thursday) was the weekly seventh-day sabbath. It had to be in order to line up with Scripture. Because from “the morrow after the sabbath…the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering” until “the morrow after the seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days.” In order for Pentecost (literally, “the 50th day”) to fall on a Sunday, we must understand that רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir)—“the morrow after the sabbath…the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering”—was not simply 16 Nisan, but rather, the Sunday (the “morrow after the sabbath”) following Passover. And one more thing—when God wanted to be specific about an “appointed time” falling on a certain day of a certain month—He said so. For example, Passover was to be 14 Nisan; the Feast of Unleavened Bread was to start on 15 Nisan. Leviticus 23:5-6—“5 On the fourteenth day of the first month at twilight is the LORD's Passover. 6 And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the LORD.” The “Feast of Trumpets” was to be held on 1 Tishri. Leviticus 23:21—“Speak to the children of Israel, saying: ‘In the seventh month, on the first day of the month, you shall have a sabbath-rest, a memorial of blowing of trumpets, a holy convocation.’” The Day of Atonement was on 10 Tishri. Leviticus 23:27—“Also the tenth day of this seventh month shall be the Day of Atonement.” The Feast of Tabernacles was to be held on 15 Tishri. Leviticus 23:34—“Speak to the children of Israel, saying: 'The fifteenth day of this seventh month shall be the Feast of Tabernacles for seven days to the LORD.” For all these “appointed times” God was very specific in setting a certain day of a certain month aside for that “time.” And yet, for רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir), He simply says it is to be on “the morrow after the sabbath,” and that שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot) was to be “the morrow after the seventh sabbath…fifty days.” No specific date. And if God meant for these times to be held on a specific date, he would have said so. But because He didn’t, then I believe it is safe to assume these times could have fallen on any day in their allotted month. Perhaps a graphic of the differences between the two reckonings will help:
By this chart, reckoning שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot) from 16 Nisan, the 50th day falls on a Thursday. Is Wednesday a sabbath day? No. Does God know what He’s talking about when he commands שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot) to be observed on “the morrow after the sabbath”? Another problem is this: look at the chart—how many sabbaths do you count between 16 Nisan and שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot)? SIX. How many sabbaths are you supposed to count? SEVEN. Does God know what He’s talking about when he commands the people to count seven sabbaths between רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir) and שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot)? As much as I admire men like John Gill, and Alfred Edersheim , Keil and Delitzsch, and many others—I must disagree with their interpretations of the observance ofרֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir) and שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot). They do not fall on specific dates; the day of the week they are to be observed is always on (what we call) Sunday, or “the morrow after the sabbath.” Now, since פֶּסַח (Pesach, Passover) and מַצָּה (Matstsah, Unleavened Bread) and רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir) were observed during the month of Nisan (comparable to our March or April), what month is שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot) observed? Well, coming seven weeks after רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir), this would put שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot) sometime in the month of Sivan, what we call late May or early June.
Now that we have the calculation and timing of שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot), we can move on to the next question: what is the significance? Well, for that let’s look and see what they were commanded to do on that 50th day. Leviticus 23:17-22 (NKJV)—“‘17 You shall bring from your dwellings two wave loaves of two-tenths of an ephah. They shall be of fine flour; they shall be baked with leaven. They are the firstfruits to the LORD. 18 And you shall offer with the bread seven lambs of the first year, without blemish, one young bull, and two rams. They shall be as a burnt offering to the LORD, with their grain offering and their drink offerings, an offering made by fire for a sweet aroma to the LORD. 19 Then you shall sacrifice one kid of the goats as a sin offering, and two male lambs of the first year as a sacrifice of a peace offering. 20 The priest shall wave them with the bread of the firstfruits as a wave offering before the LORD, with the two lambs. They shall be holy to the LORD for the priest. 21 And you shall proclaim on the same day that it is a holy convocation to you. You shall do no customary work on it. It shall be a statute forever in all your dwellings throughout your generations. 22 When you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not wholly reap the corners of your field when you reap, nor shall you gather any gleaning from your harvest. You shall leave them for the poor and for the stranger: I am the LORD your God.’”
Let’s look at a couple of differences between רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir) and שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot). First, on רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir), the people were to bring an omer of the harvest—the bare grain from the field. On שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot), they were to bring two loaves baked with leaven. The symbolism here is fairly clear—the first offering was to show that they were trusting in God that he would give them a great harvest; with the second, they were thanking God for providing the harvest. On רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir) they were to bring one lamb of the first year. On שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot) they were to bring seven lambs of the first year—and one bull and two rams (verse 18), not to mention “one kid of the goats as a sin offering, and two male lambs of the first year as a sacrifice of a peace offering” (verse 19)! You bring all these animals as a way of thanking God for providing for not only you and your family, but because He has provided for these animals as well. Because God, in His faithfulness, has added to your numbers—and has provided these animals, which offerings would go toward the forgiveness of your sins. Could this possibly be pointing to some future event where numbers would be added to God’s people? Where people would celebrate the forgiveness of their sins by the offering of a Lamb that God Himself provided?
Well, what do you know—that’s exactly what the symbolism is pointing to! Acts 2:1-4—1 When the Day of Pentecost had fully come, they were all with one accord in one place. 2 And suddenly there came a sound from heaven, as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled the whole house where they were sitting. 3 Then there appeared to them divided tongues, as of fire, and one sat upon each of them. 4 And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. (we will leave the discussion of tongues for another day). The day of πεντηκοστή (Pentecost), or שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot). Christ’s resurrection coming on רֵאשִׁית קָצִיר (Reshit Katzir)—Christ being the firstfruits of the resurrection (see 1st Corinthians 15:20) and offering His own sheaf of “firstfruits” to the Father (see Matthew 27:52-53)—it’s only fitting that the first omer of the harvest would then be used to create a lump, leavened by the giving of the Holy Spirit as flames of fire (see Acts 2:3), and would be prepared on שָׁבֻעֹות (Shavuot). On this day God brought together many of His Jewish children from afar—“9 Parthians and Medes and Elamites, those dwelling in Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, 10 Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya adjoining Cyrene, visitors from Rome, both Jews and proselytes, 11 Cretans and Arabs” (Acts 2:9-11)—that they may offer thanks and praise to God that He did not simply accept a few omers of bare grain, but that those who were gathered were the increase of God’s fields, being chosen as a select crop, made full and bountiful by God Himself.
And on that first πεντηκοστή (Pentecost) of the new covenant, in thanking God and showing gratitude that He had bestowed the gift of the Holy Spirit upon them, they offered, as did the Israelites under the old covenant, an offering for sin. For after Simon Peter taught the men of Judea that “God has made this Jesus, whom you crucified, both Lord and Christ” (Acts 2:36), they then offered, as their Sin Offering, their repentant hearts. Acts 2:37—Now when they heard this, they were cut to the heart, and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, "Men and brethren, what shall we do?" Should we not be more grateful to God that He has given us salvation through His Firstfruit, and the ability to believe by the giving of His Holy Spirit, than for even the food on our table? Is not salvation and eternal life more important than food? John 6:27—“Do not labor for the food which perishes, but for the food which endures to everlasting life, which the Son of Man will give you, because God the Father has set His seal on Him.” Well did Spurgeon say,
“Under the Old Covenant, the Commandments were given. But under the New Covenant, the will and the power to obey are bestowed upon us by the Holy Spirit. No more have we the Law of God upon stone, but the Spirit writes the precept upon the fleshy tablets of the heart! Moses on the mount can only tell us what to do—but Jesus, ascended on high, pours out the power to do it! Now we are not under the Law, but under Grace, and the Spirit is our guiding force. In the Church of God, our rule is not according to the letter of a law, but according to the Spirit of the Lord! Some people look for a specific ordinance for every item of procedure on the part of the Church. But, as far as I can see, there is a singular absence of written rule and ritual concerning particulars—apart from the two great standing ordinances.”
Part 3 next week