A Survey of the Old Testament Law--Leviticus 19 (Part 3)

 Now, for the last phrase in Leviticus 19:18—“But you shall love your neighbor as yourself; I am the LORD.” The second of the great commandments, and the one that Jesus said was just as important as the first. Let’s talk about this meeting between Christ and the Pharisee for a moment. Before we do, though, let’s frame it in its historical context. At the time, as you may well know, the Pharisees placed a huge premium on keeping the outward commandments of the Law. In His listing of woes to the Scribes and Pharisees (Matthew 23:13-36), He blasts them for doing, doing, doing the outward rituals in order to become righteous. He even prefaces His monologue by teaching His followers to not be like those scribes and Pharisees. Matthew 23:1-12—1 Then Jesus spoke to the multitudes and to His disciples, 2 saying: “The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat. 3 Therefore whatever they tell you to observe, that observe and do, but do not do according to their works; for they say, and do not do. 4 For they bind heavy burdens, hard to bear, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers. 5 But all their works they do to be seen by men. They make their phylacteries broad and enlarge the borders of their garments. 6 They love the best places at feasts, the best seats in the synagogues, 7 greetings in the marketplaces, and to be called by men, 'Rabbi, Rabbi.' 8 But you, do not be called 'Rabbi'; for One is your Teacher, the Christ, and you are all brethren. 9 Do not call anyone on earth your father; for One is your Father, He who is in heaven. 10 And do not be called teachers; for One is your Teacher, the Christ. 11 But he who is greatest among you shall be your servant. 12 And whoever exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted.” The reason Jesus was about to castigate the religious crowd of the day was they had forgotten the reason God gave them the Law. It was not as a way to become better than others; it was not meant as a way for them to measure themselves against others as a sort of contest to see who could be “more righteous” (a game still played, by the way, only now they call themselves ‘Roman Catholics’). The Law was actually meant as a way to humble the people, and to show us how utterly detestable we are.

But at this time, the Pharisees had elevated certain parts of the Law, and downgraded others. And among the rabbis, there were many debates about how to arrange the commands in the Law according to their importance. And apparently this fellow wanted to hear Jesus weigh in on the subject. So he asks Christ, in Mark 12:19—Then one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning together, perceiving that He had answered them well, asked Him, "Which is the first commandment of all?" Look at what Mark says about the man. Then one of the scribes came, and…perceiving that He had answered them well. He was not trying to trap Christ in His words; he was not tempting or testing the Lord. He was seeking to hear more. He realized that Jesus was speaking words of truth. And so Christ answers, and I'm sure many of us can tell this off the top of our heads, Mark 12:30-31—29 Jesus answered him, "The first of all the commandments is: 'Hear, O Israel, the LORD our God, the LORD is one. 30 And you shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength.' This is the first commandment. 31 And the second, like it, is this: 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.' There is no other commandment greater than these." Notice how He phrased His answer: He says the first command is to love God, and then He says the second is like it. This makes the one intertwined with the other, so that if you do not love God, you cannot love your neighbor. And, if you do not love your neighbor, you do not love God (see James 3:9).

This man went on, and paraphrased the words of the prophet Hosea, who wrote these words from God, in Hosea 6:6—“For I desire mercy and not sacrifice, and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings.” And in paraphrasing this passage, he told our Lord, Mark 12:32-34—32  So the scribe said to Him, "Well said, Teacher. You have spoken the truth, for there is one God, and there is no other but He. 33 And to love Him with all the heart, with all the understanding, with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love one's neighbor as oneself, is more than all the whole burnt offerings and sacrifices." So out of all these commands we’ve studied since Exodus 20:1 up until now, having lost count of how many and how diverse they have been—out of all these commands, including the Ten Commandments, this command here, to love your neighbor as yourself, is placed above all the commands against murder, theft, idolatry, homosexuality, bestiality, and eating shrimp. Paul would echo Jesus’ words, in 1st Corinthians 13:1-13. We all know, of course, that 1st Corinthians 13 is “The Love Chapter” and Paul says that even if he could do just about anything—speak with the tongues of angels, prophecy, have the gifts of knowledge and wisdom and understand all the mysteries of God and give everything he had to the poor and even give his body to be burned—if it were possible for him to do all those things but lack one, he would be as lost as the worst infidel. And what was that one thing he could not lack? Love. He would be a sounding brass or a tinkling cymbal; in fact, he said if he had not love he would be nothing. If it were possible for him to keep the other 612 commandments in the Law, if he did not love his neighbor as himself, he would be consigned to the fires of Hell. Loving one’s neighbor was just as essential to one’s salvation as loving God with all heart, soul and strength. All other commands paled in comparison to these two.

Leviticus 19:19—“‘You shall keep My statutes. You shall not let your livestock breed with another kind. You shall not sow your field with mixed seed. Nor shall a garment of mixed linen and wool come upon you.’” Remember the commands against eating certain animals? What was the lesson God was teaching them at that point? Was it a lesson in lowering their cholesterol? Was it a lesson in some sort of health concern? If they ate a clam were they going to be struck down dead? No. The purpose behind the prohibitions was to teach them a lesson about separating things. Keeping themselves separate from sin; differentiating between clean and unclean, between holy and profane (Exodus 11:45-47). Same here. God made nature in a certain order. He made cows; He made horses; He made dogs (poodles, however, are an aberration of nature and therefore unexplainable by humans); He made snakes. He made all these things to multiply after their own kind (see Genesis chapter 1). He also made man. And out of all the tribes of man, He took the Israelites, separated them from any other people on earth—doing so, in fact, hundreds of years before they got to Mt. Sinai (see Genesis 12:1-3). But God also knows the mind and the heart of man. He knows that even though He had separated these people out from the other peoples, the men would have a proclivity to go after the women from the pagan nations. And did they ever. David. Solomon. And long before them, the people of Israel went whoring after the women of Moab— even after God had spared them from being cursed by Balaam, who was trying to lure them into being seduced by the women of Moab (see Numbers 22-25)! So here, God gives them another object lesson about not mixing the people of God with the unholy pagans.

Let’s take a quick look at each one of these. First, God forbids them from unnaturally mating with beasts of the field. Think of a cow. What kind of animals do cows, by their own natural inkling, mate with? “Ummm…cows.” Good answer. Do you think a cow would ever try to mate with a horse? Or a donkey? No. But, in much the same way that Egyptian mythology was filled with creatures half-human/half-animal, many other mythologies have been filled with fantastical creatures which were some combination of animals. This was a way of discouraging such heathenish practices among the people of God.

Second, He warns them not to mix the grain of the field. Many of the pagans surrounding them worshipped some sort of fertility god, who they believed would give them abundant crops and thus these people would take up a sort of agricultural alchemy, combining all different kinds of seeds, hoping that their ‘god’ would give them some new kind of crop that would produce far greater numbers than before. But we have a couple New Testament passages that deal with seed and with grafting one tree into another—and how it is God who produces the desired results. First, we have Jesus’ parable of the soils. He tells of a sower that goes out and sows seed (which is the Word of God). Some of it lands by the wayside and is snatched away by Satan. Some of it lands on rocky ground, where it has no depth and when the heat of persecution comes it withers and dies. Some of the seed falls among thorns, and when they are persecuted for the word, their life is choked out. But the seed that lands on good soil—that is the seed that grows thirty, sixty, even a hundredfold (Matthew 13:8). Was there anything different about the seed? No. Same seed. If you want to think of the good soil as the “control group” (to use a research term), then that seed falling on good soil tells us that it is not the seed that causes the problem—rather, the soil must be prepared for the seed. And if the soil is bad, then the seed, no matter how good and pure and perfect, cannot grow because the soil is not usable. So who is it that makes the soil ready? Who is it that is the real source of life, the One who causes the seed to grow? It is none other than the Great Husbandman. 1st Corinthians 3:5-6—5 Who then is Paul, and who is Apollos, but ministers through whom you believed, as the Lord gave to each one? 6 I planted, Apollos watered, but God gave the increase.

And when we combine the parable of Christ with the warning from Leviticus, we actually see a warning to the church—that a sower of the seed (the Word of God) is not to mix the good seed (the Word of God) with any other kind of seed. Satan does enough of that, and we can see the results today (see the parable of the wheat and the tares, Matthew 13:24-30). A passage that talks about grafting two trees is found in Romans 11:17-24—17 And if some of the branches were broken off, and you, being a wild olive tree, were grafted in among them, and with them became a partaker of the root and fatness of the olive tree, 18 do not boast against the branches. But if you do boast, remember that you do not support the root, but the root supports you. 19 You will say then, "Branches were broken off that I might be grafted in." 20 Well said. Because of unbelief they were broken off, and you stand by faith. Do not be haughty, but fear. 21 For if God did not spare the natural branches, He may not spare you either. 22 Therefore consider the goodness and severity of God: on those who fell, severity; but toward you, goodness, if you continue in His goodness. Otherwise you also will be cut off. 23 And they also, if they do not continue in unbelief, will be grafted in, for God is able to graft them in again. 24 For if you were cut out of the olive tree which is wild by nature, and were grafted contrary to nature into a cultivated olive tree, how much more will these, who are natural branches, be grafted into their own olive tree? Paul compares the church to the wild olive tree, and old covenant Israel to the natural olive tree. The point Paul makes is that God, being the great Husbandman, knows how to graft the two olive trees together to get one tree that will bear fruit for all eternity. And even though, in nature, these two trees would reject each other, it is God who causes all things to work together, and create from two trees one tree to His glory (see Ephesians 2:11-14).

Third, God tells the people not to wear clothing made from mixing wool and linen. You can wear wool. You can wear linen. But do not mix the two. To many, this may be the most perplexing of the prohibitions in Leviticus 19:19. “What’s the big deal about mixing fabrics? I mean, don’t we all wear some kind of cotton/polyester blend clothing all the time?” That may be true—if we didn’t go beneath the surface and find what God is actually trying to tell us here. What this is, beyond the pale of human understanding, is a warning to all Christians—do not mix Law and Grace. “OK, what in the world are you talking about? How do you get ‘don’t mix law and grace’ from ‘don’t mix wool and linen’?” Well, what is the source from which wool comes? Well, wool comes from sheep. Is not Jesus our Good Shepherd? Is not Jesus our Savior? And how are we saved? By grace through faith (Ephesians 2:8). So then, wool is symbolic of the fact that we are His sheep, saved by grace alone through faith alone in Christ alone.

Now, the linen—this was the material which made up the priestly garments. Do we now take an animal to a priest to be killed, cut up and burned in order to atone for our sins? No. Christ has done that already. That was the Law—you sin, you kill an animal. Yet there are many, still today, who mix law and grace, who say “We are saved by faith in Christ—but you still gotta keep the rules to keep yourself saved.” If you remember the late Garner Ted Armstrong, or his father Herbert W. Armstrong, they were in the line of the Worldwide Church of God (otherwise known as the Philadelphia Church of God, and its offspring which go by many names. It now bills itself as Grace Communion International. Hmm, Grace Communion…how ironic). They teach that Christians are commanded to keep the old covenant feasts, and that if you don’t you're not saved. That, my friends, is the very definition of mixing wool with linen—wanting to mix the wool of Christ’s grace with the linen of the Law. And by doing so, one will not be saved. Galatians 5:1-4—1 Stand fast therefore in the liberty by which Christ has made us free, and do not be entangled again with a yoke of bondage. 2 Indeed I, Paul, say to you that if you become circumcised, Christ will profit you nothing. 3 And I testify again to every man who becomes circumcised that he is a debtor to keep the whole law. 4 You have become estranged from Christ, you who attempt to be justified by law; you have fallen from grace. Emphasis on verse 2, if you become circumcised, Christ will profit you nothing. Nothing. If that little clause is not enough to make people go running and screaming away from any group that tries to foist the bondage of the Law upon them, and go running toward the cross and hang their arms about the neck of our dear Savoir—I don’t know what will. Nothing. You can believe in Him all you want—but if you still cling to the Law, then Christ will slip from your grasp, and you will be left holding the wind. Period. They have clothed themselves in garments of wool mingled with linen. And those garments will shield them from neither the stain of sin nor the wrath of God.

Part 4 next week

 

Jesus Christ is Lord.

Amen.

A Survey of the Old Testament Law--Statutes concerning fornication, sorcery, bestiality, and usury

Just to kind of give you a preview of what’s in the near future; in a couple weeks when we get to chapter 23 we’re going to skim over the three main festivals that were to be kept each year—Passover; the Feast of Firstfruits; and the Feast of Ingathering. We won’t really go in-depth; we’ll save the deeper study for when we get to those parts of Leviticus. Then Exodus 24, we will see God make His covenant with Moses and the people of Israel. Then when we get to chapters 25-28, these are the chapters that cover the building of the tabernacle and the making of the priestly garments, and for those chapters I found a really good computer-animated video of these things and we will use that rather than have me stand here and try to give you the idea of what they looked like. And then chapter 30 details the consecration, or sanctification, or the setting apart of the tabernacle for the worship of God, and we will see some really clear pictures of Christ and our own salvation through these words.


So, with all that being said, let’s read Exodus 22:16-17—“16 If a man entices a virgin who is not betrothed, and lies with her, he shall surely pay the bride-price for her to be his wife. 17 If her father utterly refuses to give her to him, he shall pay money according to the bride-price of virgins.” This was the original command for the “shotgun wedding”—you want to sleep with my daughter, you better be ready to marry her. The “bride-price” was a form of what is called a “dowry.” A dowry is defined as “The money, goods or estate which a woman brings to her husband in marriage.” In the day and age we live in, guys think it’s “cool” to take a girl’s virginity. God doesn’t. And so, God gave this command that if you take a girl’s virginity, you would then pay her father the “bride-price”, or dowry if you will. That “bride-price” was fifty shekels of silver (not sure what that would be today), and you have yourself a wife.


And guess what? If you found out down the road that she ain't all you thought she would be—tough luck, you're married to her for life. Deuteronomy 22:28-29—“28 If a man finds a young woman who is a virgin, who is not betrothed…and lies with her, and they are found out, 29 then the man who lay with her shall give to the young woman's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife because he has humbled her; he shall not be permitted to divorce her all his days.” Sorry pal, you're stuck with her. Now, if they are found out, and daddy says, “Son, I don’t want you anywhere near my daughter ever again,” then you still had to pay the fifty shekels, and you didn’t get the girl. However, the penalty for sleeping with a woman who was betrothed to another man was much worse than if you were caught with a virgin. Listen to Deuteronomy 22:23-24—“23 If a young woman who is a virgin is betrothed to a husband, and a man finds her in the city and lies with her, 24 then you shall bring them both out to the gate of that city, and you shall stone them to death with stones.” Again, these acts of wickedness—whether it’s stealing or sleeping with a man’s daughter—these things get real expensive. And as we continue studying these statutes we keep seeing, over and over, just how seriously God thinks of sin. He doesn’t just say, “Well, OK, you feel bad about what you did; that’s punishment enough.” He attaches a pretty hefty price to these things.


And next we see the price that God attaches to another act of wickedness, Exodus 22:18—“You shall not permit a sorceress to live.” The KJV uses the word “witch.” God says in another place, Leviticus 20:27—“A man or a woman who is a medium, or who has familiar spirits, shall surely be put to death; they shall stone them with stones. Their blood shall be upon them.” What do we normally think of when we hear words like ‘sorcery’ and ‘witchcraft’? We think of “Hocus-Pocus, abracadabra”. Know what the word “abracadabra” means? It’s actually Aramaic, which was another Semitic language that was very similar to Hebrew. “Abra means ‘to create’ and cadabra means ‘as I say’, ultimately when merging the two words abracadabra means in Aramaic is ‘create as I say’.” (Source: Wikipedia) So, basically, when someone says “abracadabra” they are making themselves God. Now notice how this command is worded. Most of the commands up until now have been “If a person does this, they shall be put to death” or “If he does this he shall surely die.” But listen to the words God uses here—“You shall not permit a sorceress to live.” He is commanding the people that when they find a sorceress—or sorcerer, for that matter—they are hereby commanded to put that one to death.


Think about it. Where had they just spent the last 400 years? Pharaoh surrounded himself with magicians and fortune-tellers. And in fact, these magicians had power to “create illusions” of their own. Exodus 7:11-12—11 But Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers; so the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments. 12 For every man threw down his rod, and they became serpents. There are some who do indeed have power to create illusions, and even perform many signs and wonders, and even “read people’s minds”—but where does their power come from? 2nd Thessalonians 2:9—The coming of the lawless one is according to the working of Satan, with all power, signs, and lying wonders. Two examples of sorcery in the book of Acts, first we have Acts 8:9-11—9 There was a certain man called Simon, who previously practiced sorcery…10 to whom they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, “This man is the great power of God.” 11 And they heeded him because he had astonished them with his sorceries for a long time. Then we have the young woman in Acts 16:16—16 Now it happened, as we went to prayer, that a certain slave girl possessed with a spirit of divination met us, who brought her masters much profit by fortune-telling. So we can see, even from Scripture, that there are some who have power to do these things. BUT—we are commanded to put people like that far away from us. Isaiah 8:19-20—19 And when they say to you, "Seek those who are mediums and wizards, who whisper and mutter," should not a people seek their God? Should they seek the dead on behalf of the living? 20 To the law and to the testimony! Keil and Delitzsch—

“What an unnatural thing, for the people of YHVH to go and inquire, not of their own God, but of such heathenish and demonic deceivers and victims as these! What blindness, to consult the dead in the interests of the living!”

Now, this could be a place to talk about the errors of the Roman Catholic system who teach that we should seek the assistance of dead saints, and Mary the mother of Christ—but we’ll save that for another day.


I do, however, want to talk about another passage of Scripture that is related to this subject, and that is 1st Samuel 28:5-12—5 When Saul saw the army of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart trembled greatly. 6 And when Saul inquired of the LORD, the LORD did not answer him, either by dreams or by Urim or by the prophets. 7 Then Saul said to his servants, "Find me a woman who is a medium, that I may go to her and inquire of her." And his servants said to him, "In fact, there is a woman who is a medium at En Dor." 8 So Saul disguised himself and put on other clothes, and he went, and two men with him; and they came to the woman by night. And he said, "Please conduct a séance for me, and bring up for me the one I shall name to you." 9 Then the woman said to him, "Look, you know what Saul has done, how he has cut off the mediums and the spiritists from the land. Why then do you lay a snare for my life, to cause me to die?" 10 And Saul swore to her by the LORD, saying, "As the LORD lives, no punishment shall come upon you for this thing." 11 Then the woman said, "Whom shall I bring up for you?" And he said, "Bring up Samuel for me." 12 When the woman saw Samuel, she cried out with a loud voice. Now, three questions that have been debated back and forth for these last couple thousand years are— (1) Was that really Samuel? Yes it was. (2) Did this woman really have the power to raise the dead and speak to them? I would say no, she did not. If you look at verse 12, it says she cried out with a loud voice. This had obviously either never happened before, or she saw something completely different from the familiar spirits she had seen before. (3) How did she see Samuel? Here’s what I think happened. Saul, was being disobedient to God. Had been for quite some time. God had removed His favor from him, and God was not speaking to Saul. So Saul goes against the commands of God and consults this witch. And what happened, I think, was that God sent Samuel to speak to Saul, God bringing up the prophet to speak for God even from beyond the grave. Adam Clarke—

“Strange that a man, who had banished all witches from the land…should now have recourse to them as the only persons in whom he could safely put his confidence in the time in which YHVH had refused to help him!”

Under the Law the people were commanded to put such a woman to death.


Exodus 22:19-20—“Whoever lies with an animal shall surely be put to death.” This command is repeated in Leviticus 20:15-16—“15 If a man mates with an animal, he shall surely be put to death, and you shall kill the animal. 16 If a woman approaches any animal and mates with it, you shall kill the woman and the animal. They shall surely be put to death. Their blood is upon them.” Bestiality is such a vile, filthy, reprehensible and wicked thing that anyone who has sex with an animal must be considered to have completely thrown off any sense of respect for the natural order of things and for the image of God in which they were created. Whomever a person gives themselves over to, they are one flesh with that person. And when a man or woman gives themselves over to an animal, they are joining the image of God to a brute beast. Not only that, but consider also the gods of the Egyptians. What kind of form did most of them have? Most of them were half beast and half human. Bestiality was a form of pagan worship at the time, and in many cases it may have been an attempt to create a living form of the images and statues that they worshipped. And it was for that reason that God ordered the person who engaged in such an act to be put to death.


Now, we’re gonna skip ahead to verses 25-27. There’s a good reason we’re doing this. I got started on verses 21-24, which deal with how the people were to treat widows and orphans, and there’s a really good lesson there about Jesus and His dealings with the Pharisees, and how they treated widows and orphans that I think it would be best if we took a little time with it next week and didn’t try to rush through it. So, Exodus 22:25—“If you lend money to any of My people who are poor among you, you shall not be like a moneylender to him; you shall not charge him interest.” If you lent money to your neighbor, you were not to charge him interest. Not simple interest, not compound interest—not ANY interest. Every source I've read comes to the same conclusion; that if I lend Richard $10, then all I should expect in return is $10. Not $10 plus 0.5% interest. This brings us to the moneychangers at the temple when Jesus came into Jerusalem—they were guilty of usury. This is what they did. The people would come from all over the world to keep the Passover at Jerusalem. Of course, they couldn’t carry all the animals they would need for the sacrifices, and even if they did, those who examined their sacrifice would always find some flaw with it, so just to be helpful, they would have certified, pre-owned sheep and doves to sell there.


This brought up another problem. The only currency you could use to buy these animals was Jewish currency. And it would just so happen that at the time of Passover, the exchange rate just happened to favor the moneychangers. What that means, then is they were charging their fellow Jews interest. Usury. This was in fact a violation of another command, Leviticus 25:35-37—“35 If one of your brethren becomes poor, and falls into poverty among you, then you shall help him, like a stranger or a sojourner, that he may live with you. 36 Take no usury or interest from him; but fear your God, that your brother may live with you. 37 You shall not lend him your money for usury, nor lend him your food at a profit.” And what did Jesus say about these guys? Matthew 21:12-13—12 Then Jesus went into the temple of God and drove out all those who bought and sold in the temple, and overturned the tables of the money changers and the seats of those who sold doves. 13 And He said to them, "It is written, 'My house shall be called a house of prayer,' but you have made it a 'den of thieves.'" Albert Barnes—

“It became, therefore, a matter of convenience to have a place where the Roman coin might be exchanged for the Jewish half shekel. This was the 'professed' business of these men. Of course, they would demand a small sum for the exchange; and, among so many thousands as came up to the great feasts, it would be a very profitable employment, and one easily giving rise to much fraud and oppression.”

Thus, the Pharisees, in their quest for money and luxury, were in clear violation of the very Law they were seeking to be justified by.


Now, Exodus 22:26-27—“26 If you ever take your neighbor's garment as a pledge, you shall return it to him before the sun goes down. 27 For that is his only covering, it is his garment for his skin. What will he sleep in? And it will be that when he cries to Me, I will hear, for I am gracious.” This command is expanded in Deuteronomy 24:10-13—“10 When you lend your brother anything, you shall not go into his house to get his pledge. 11 You shall stand outside, and the man to whom you lend shall bring the pledge out to you. 12 And if the man is poor, you shall not keep his pledge overnight. 13 You shall in any case return the pledge to him again when the sun goes down, that he may sleep in his own garment and bless you; and it shall be righteousness to you before the LORD your God.” What they would do is this: if I owed you $100, you would take my coat as a pledge. During the day, you would hold on to it, until that day when I paid off that debt. But, if it took more than a day for me to pay that debt, then every night you would give me back my coat. Now, we know it gets really, really hot in the desert during the daytime. But what happens at night? It gets really, really cold. And in order that the poor person who carries that debt would not suffer a greater imposition, it was returned to him at sundown so that he may not freeze to death out in the desert. This command is similar to one in Deuteronomy 24:6—“No man shall take the lower or the upper millstone in pledge, for he takes one's living in pledge.” In either of these cases—holding their coat or taking their millstone—that was a form of holding the person hostage until they paid off that debt. The ‘millstone’ was what the family used to grind their wheat or corn to make bread to eat. John Gill—

“If his mill or millstones are pawned, he cannot grind his corn, and so he and his family must starve: and in those times and countries they did, as the Arabs do to this day, as Dr. Shaw relates, ‘…these millstones being portable, might be the more easily taken for pledges, which is here forbidden; and this includes any other thing on which a man's living depends, or by which he gets his bread.”

Next week: widows and orphans


Jesus Christ is Lord. Amen.